What is ARM and Intel? What are the generations of operating system?

What are the generations of operating system?

Answer

There are five generations of operating systems. These can be described as follows:

The First Generation ( 1945 - 1955 ): Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards

Digital computers were not constructed until the Second World War. Calculating engines with mechanical relays were built at that time.

These early computers were designed, built and maintained by a single group of people. First generation uses vacuum Tube technologies. These are large and heavy computers with small and low processing power.

By the 1950’s punch cards were introduced and this improved the computer system. Instead of using plugboards, programs were written on cards and read into the system.

The Second Generation ( 1955 - 1965 ): Transistors and Batch Systems

Transistors led to the development of the computer systems that could be manufactured and sold to paying customers. These machines were known as mainframes and were locked in air-conditioned computer rooms with staff to operate them.

The Batch System was introduced to reduce the wasted time in the computer. A tray full of jobs was collected in the input room and read into the magnetic tape.

The Third Generation ( 1965 - 1980 ): Integrated Circuits and Multiprogramming

Until the 1960’s, there were two types of computer systems i.e the scientific and the commercial computers. These were combined by IBM in the System/360. This used integrated circuits and provided a major price and performance advantage over the second generation systems.

The third generation operating systems also introduced multiprogramming. This meant that the processor was not idle while a job was completing its I/O operation. Another job was scheduled on the processor so that its time would not be wasted.

The Fourth Generation ( 1980 - Present ): Personal Computers

Personal Computers were easy to create with the development of large-scale integrated circuits. These were chips containing thousands of transistors on a square centimeter of silicon. Because of these, microcomputers were much cheaper than minicomputers.

Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence: (Present and Beyond)

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

What is ARM and Intel?

Answer

ARM

The architect of the Smartphone era, ARM authors the instruction sets and blueprint core designs for mobile systems-on-a-chip, which companies like Qualcomm, Apple, Samsung, and (until recently) Huawei then license and develop into products that power iPhones, Galaxys, and Pixels. The newly unveiled Cortex-A77 CPU and Mali-G77 GPU are refreshingly simple in that they’re all about increasing performance and efficiency without doing much in the way of adding features or specialist capabilities.

INTEL

Intel pushed forward its laudable Project Athena effort, which endeavors to set baseline expectations for battery life, connectedness, responsiveness, and thinness among laptops featuring Intel’s latest processor generation. Getting away from core counts and clock speeds, Intel wants the glossy “Intel Inside” sticker to be a mark of reassurance to consumers, a sign that what’s inside lives up to an increasingly common set of ARM-inspired presumptions about modern mobile devices.